Symptoms of Pterygium

Introduction

Pterygium, often referred to as “surfer’s eye,” is a common ocular condition characterized by a benign growth of tissue on the eye’s surface, typically starting from the conjunctiva and extending onto the cornea. While many cases are mild and harmless, recognizing the symptoms of pterygium early is crucial to prevent vision impairment and ensure timely treatment. In this article, we explore the common and less common symptoms, risk factors, and when to seek medical attention.

What is Pterygium?

A pterygium is a triangular, fibrovascular growth on the white part of the eye (sclera) that can extend onto the cornea. Although its exact cause is not fully understood, excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, dust, wind, and dry environments significantly increases the risk. Pterygium is more common in people living in sunny or tropical climates and tends to affect adults aged 20–50 years.

While pterygium is usually non-cancerous, ignoring it can lead to complications such as astigmatism, irritation, and in rare cases, vision obstruction. Therefore, being aware of pterygium symptoms is essential for early detection and effective management.

Early Symptoms of Pterygium

Pterygium often develops slowly, and in its initial stages, it may not cause significant discomfort. However, some early warning signs include

1. Visible Growth on the Eye :- The most obvious symptom is a visible, fleshy, triangular growth on the white part of the eye, often starting near the inner corner and gradually extending toward the cornea. Initially, it may appear small and pale but can become red or inflamed over time.
2. Redness and Irritation :- Mild to moderate redness in the affected eye is common, especially if the pterygium is exposed to wind, dust, or sunlight. This irritation often resembles conjunctivitis but is persistent rather than temporary.
3. Eye Dryness and Grittiness :- People with pterygium may experience a dry or sandy feeling in the eye, similar to having a foreign particle trapped under the eyelid. This is due to the disruption of the normal tear film caused by the abnormal growth.
4. Mild Itching or Burning Sensation :- A burning or itchy sensation in the eye is another early symptom. This discomfort may worsen in dry or dusty environments, prompting frequent blinking or rubbing of the eyes.

Advanced Symptoms of Pterygium

If left untreated, pterygium can progress, leading to more noticeable and uncomfortable symptoms

1. Blurred or Distorted Vision :- As the pterygium grows over the cornea, it can alter the eye’s shape, causing astigmatism. This results in blurred or distorted vision, especially when focusing on distant objects.
2. Increased Sensitivity to Light (Photophobia) :- Advanced pterygium can make the eyes highly sensitive to sunlight or bright artificial light, causing discomfort and squinting.
3. Chronic Redness and Inflammation :- Persistent redness and swelling indicate chronic irritation. This may be accompanied by a feeling of pressure or soreness in the affected eye.
4. Foreign Body Sensation :- As the growth enlarges, it can create a sensation that something is always in the eye, leading to frequent blinking and discomfort.
5. Cosmetic Concerns :- For many patients, the noticeable growth can cause cosmetic concerns, especially when it becomes large and red, affecting self-confidence.

Less Common Symptoms

While less frequent, some pterygium patients may experience

1. Excess tearing (epiphora): Resulting from irritation of the eye surface.
2. Dry eye syndrome: Chronic dryness that does not improve with artificial tears.
3. Corneal scarring: In severe cases, pterygium can cause permanent scarring of the cornea, leading to vision loss.

When to See an Eye Specialist

It is important to consult an ophthalmologist if you notice any of the following

1. A persistent growth on the eye that is increasing in size.
2. Continuous redness, irritation, or discomfort.
3. Blurred or distorted vision.
4. Sensitivity to light that affects daily activities.

Early consultation can help prevent progression and complications. Ophthalmologists can recommend treatments ranging from lubricating eye drops to surgical removal, depending on the severity of the pterygium.

Risk Factors for Pterygium

Understanding the risk factors can help in early detection and prevention

1. Excessive Sun Exposure: UV light is a major contributing factor. Sunglasses with UV protection can reduce risk.
2. Environmental Irritants: Dust, wind, smoke, and dry climates can trigger or worsen pterygium.
3. Age and Genetics: It is more common in adults and may have a genetic predisposition.
4. Occupation: Outdoor workers, surfers, and farmers are at higher risk.

Prevention Tips

While some cases are unavoidable, certain lifestyle adjustments can reduce the likelihood of developing pterygium

1. Wear Sunglasses and Hats: UV-protective eyewear shields eyes from harmful sunlight.
2. Use Lubricating Eye Drops: Artificial tears can reduce dryness and irritation.
3. Avoid Dusty or Windy Conditions: Protective goggles can help in harsh environments.
4. Regular Eye Checkups: Early detection ensures timely intervention.

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on the severity of symptoms

1. Mild Cases: Artificial tears, anti-inflammatory eye drops, and protective measures may suffice.
2. Moderate Cases: Prescription eye drops or ointments to reduce redness and irritation.
3. Severe Cases: Surgical removal may be necessary if the growth threatens vision or causes significant discomfort. Modern techniques reduce recurrence and promote faster healing.

Conclusion

Recognizing the symptoms of pterygium early is vital for maintaining eye health and preventing vision-related complications. While mild cases may require minimal intervention, advanced pterygium can lead to blurred vision, chronic irritation, and cosmetic concerns. By being aware of early signs like redness, dryness, and the appearance of a triangular growth on the eye, you can seek timely care and protect your vision.