Introduction
Acid reflux (also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD) is a digestive disorder in which stomach acid flows frequently back into the esophagus. This acid backwash irritates esophageal tissue, causing discomfort and possible complications. Untreated GERD can have a significant impact on quality of life and affect millions of people around the world. Understanding the causes and symptoms of GERD are essential to effective management and prevention.
Symptoms Acid Reflux (GERD)
Acid reflux can cause a wide range of symptoms, from mild discomfort to serious complications. Most common symptoms are:
1. Heartburn :- The most common symptom of GERD is heartburn. A burning sensation is felt in the chest, usually after eating and especially when bending or lying down. This discomfort is caused when stomach acid irritates the esophagus.
2. Regurgitation :- Regurgitation occurs when stomach contents including acid and undigested foods move back into the throat or mouth. This can cause a bitter or sour taste, and excessive burping.
3. Dysphagia is characterized by difficulty swallowing :- Acid exposure over a long period of time can cause inflammation and narrowing in the esophagus. This makes swallowing more difficult. Dysphagia is a condition that can make food feel like it’s stuck in your throat or chest.
4. Chronic Cough :- Acid reflux, particularly at night, can cause a persistent cough. Acid reflux can cause a persistent cough, especially at night.
5. Sore Throat & Hoarseness :- The frequent exposure to stomach acids can lead to throat irritation. This may cause a sore or irritated throat, as well as hoarseness and changes in voice. These symptoms are most noticeable in the morning.
6. Chest Pain :- Some GERD sufferers experience chest pain that is similar to heart conditions. GERD-related pain in the chest is usually associated with eating, and can be relieved by antacids.
7. Bloating and excessive burping :- Gas in the stomach may cause bloating or frequent burping. This happens when the stomach produces too much acid or air is trapped in the digestive system.
8. Nausea, vomiting and gastrointestinal disorders :- Some people with GERD may experience nausea and vomiting as a result of excessive acid production or irritation to the esophagus.
9. Bad Breath (Halitosis) :- Bad breath can be caused by chronic acid reflux due to regurgitation and growth of bacteria in the esophagus.
10. Sleep Disturbances :-
GERD symptoms can worsen during the night. This leads to sleep disturbances, frequent waking and disturbed rest because of discomfort and acid reflux.
Acid Reflux Causes
GERD can be caused by a weakened lower esophageal sphincter, but other factors may also contribute. Here are the main causes:
1. Weak or Dysfunctional LES :- The LES is a ring-shaped muscle that forms a barrier between stomach and esophagus. If it is weak or relaxed inappropriately, the stomach acid will flow back into the esophagus causing reflux.
2. Obesity :- Weight gain, particularly around the abdomen increases pressure in the stomach and forces acid into the esophagus. Obesity can be a major risk factor for GERD.
3. Hiatal Hernia :- Hiatal hernias occur when the upper portion of the stomach pushes past the diaphragm and into the chest cavity. This causes the LES to weaken, increasing acid reflux.
4. Pregnancy :- Acid reflux can be caused by hormonal changes and an increase in abdominal pressure during pregnancy. Acid reflux is usually temporary and goes away after birth.
5. Smoking :- Smoking can weaken the LES and reduce saliva production (which helps neutralize stomach acid). It also increases acid production which makes reflux more common.
6. Certain medications :-
GERD can be caused by:
- NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen, aspirin)
- Calcium channel blockers
- Sedatives
- Antidepressants
- Asthma medications
7. Healthy Eating Habits :- Acid reflux can be caused by certain foods and drinks, including
- Spicy Food
- Fatty and fried food
- Caffeinated beverages
- Alcohol
- Citrus fruits, juices and other citrus products
- Chocolate and peppermint
8. Enjoy a large or late-night meal :- Acid reflux is more likely to occur if you eat large meals, or if you lie down shortly after eating. Full stomachs put pressure on LES and allow acid to escape.
9. Stress and Anxiety :- Stress does not cause GERD directly, but it can exacerbate the symptoms by increasing stomach acids and affecting digestion.
10. Lack of Physical Exercise :- Sedentary living can lead to weight gain, poor digestion and acid reflux.
Causes of GERD
GERD does not happen by accident. It is the result of a combination of lifestyle and physiological factors. Understanding the causes of GERD can help prevent and manage it.
1. Chronic Weakness in LES :- The LES can lose its ability over time due to repeated acid exposure and pressure.
2. Poor diet choices over the long-term :- Acid production is increased by a diet rich in fatty, acidic and processed foods.
3. Repeated Acid Exposure :- Acid reflux can cause the esophageal lining to become more sensitive, increasing the risk of chronic GERD.
4. Genetic Factors :- Some people inherit a tendency to GERD because of a weaker LES or a greater risk of developing hiatal hernias.
5. Chronic Inflammation :-Over time, GERD symptoms can become more severe due to the esophagus’s weakened defenses.
6. Posture and Sleeping habits :-After eating, lying flat allows stomach acids to easily move into the esophagus. This increases nighttime reflux symptoms.
7. Aging Process :- Acid reflux is more likely to occur as people age because the LES weakens and digestion slows.
8. Recurring Use of Acidic Medications :-Aspirin, as well as certain pain relievers, can irritate stomach linings and exacerbate GERD.
9. Impairment of Digestive Function :- Slow gastric emptying and low stomach acid can cause GERD, causing food to linger.
10. Environmental and lifestyle factors :- Environmental triggers like pollution, allergens and processed food can affect gut health and increase GERD risks.
Conclusion
Acid reflux (GERD), a chronic medical condition, is caused by a weakened LES. Other underlying factors include dietary habits, lifestyle, and underlying medical conditions. Understanding the causes and symptoms of GERD and recognizing them early can help people take preventive steps and seek medical attention in a timely manner. By making dietary changes and managing stress and using the appropriate treatments, GERD can be effectively controlled, leading to improved digestive health and well-being
