Anemia A Complete Guide

Introduction

Anemia affects millions of people worldwide. It can occur at any age. Anemia may seem to be a simple condition causing fatigue. However, it can indicate deeper health issues. If left untreated, anemia could lead to serious complications such as heart failure or retarded growth in children. This comprehensive guide will cover all you need to learn about anemia, including its symptoms, causes and diagnosis.

What is anemia?

Anemia is caused by a low number of red cells in your blood or if you have too little hemoglobin. Hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cell that is responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs into other tissues of the body, is vital. The body does not get enough oxygen if it doesn’t have enough red blood cells, or hemoglobin. This can lead to fatigue and health problems.

Anemia is a symptom, not a condition. Anemia can be mild, moderate or severe depending on its cause and duration.

Anemia symptoms

Anemia symptoms vary according to its severity and speed of development. Anemia can develop slowly or without symptoms in some people, particularly at the beginning. As the condition progresses, symptoms can become more pronounced and interfere with everyday life.

1. Fatigue and weakness :- Most common symptom. Anemia causes less oxygen to be delivered to muscles and tissue, leading to constant fatigue, even when doing minimal activity.

2. Pale or Yellowish skin :- The skin and the inner linings around the mouth and eyes appear paler due to reduced red blood cells. Jaundice, or yellow skin, can occur in some cases. This is especially true for hemolytic anemia.

3. Shortness in Breathing :- Low oxygen levels cause the body to work harder in order to breathe, resulting in labored breathing during physical activity.

4. Lightheadedness or Dizziness :- Feeling faint can be caused by poor oxygenation of the brain, especially if you stand up suddenly.

5. Cold Hands & Feet :- Anemia can cause the extremities to become cold and numb.

6. Headaches :- Reduced oxygen levels in the brain can cause headaches.

7. Chest pain or irregular heartbeat :- Palpitations and chest pain can be caused by the heart beating faster or irregularly in order to compensate for low oxygen levels.

8. Hair Loss or Brittle Nails :- Hair and nails can be affected by nutritional anemia, such as iron deficiency.

9. Memory and Concentration Problems :- Lack of oxygen can impair cognitive functions, resulting in reduced focus and memory.

Anemia Causes and Treatment

Anemia is usually not a separate illness, but a symptom. Many factors can cause anemia, from chronic diseases to poor nutrition.

1. Iron Deficiency :- Anemia is most commonly caused by iron deficiency. Hemoglobin is produced by iron. Deficiency may occur due to:

• Blood loss (heavy periods, ulcers, trauma, etc.)

• Poor diet

• Iron absorption problems (e.g. due to celiac)

2. Vitamin Deficiency :- This is called strong data-end=”3705″ data-start=”3681″>megaloblastic anemia/strong>. This condition is known as megaloblastic Anemia.

3. Chronic Diseases :- Red blood cell production can be affected by conditions such as kidney disease, cancers, rheumatoid arthritis, and chronic infections.

4. Genetic Disorders :- The shape and function are affected by inherited conditions such as sickle-cell anemia, or thalassemia. This reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cell.

5. Bone Marrow Disorders :- Leukemia and aplastic anemia, which affect the bone marrow (the site where blood cells are produced), can damage it.

6. Hemolysis :- Conditions that can cause the early destruction of blood cells (hemolytic anemia) include infections, autoimmune diseases or medication reactions.

7. Pregnancy :- The pregnant woman requires more blood and nutrients. Anemia can develop without sufficient iron and folate.

Diagnosis Anemia

Anemia is not only diagnosed by identifying its presence, but also the cause. For effective treatment, a proper diagnosis is essential.

1. Complete Blood Count (CBC) :- It is the most common test. It checks:

• Hemoglobin levels

• Hematocrit (percentage red blood cells).

• Red blood cell count

• The Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) tells the size of red blood cells

2. Peripheral Blood Smear :- Under a microscope, a drop of blood can be examined to determine the size and shape of red blood cell. It can help identify specific types anemia.

3. Iron Studies :- Include serum iron, ferritin and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) to assess iron status.

4. Vitamin Levels :- Anemia can be diagnosed by testing for folate and vitamin B12.

5. Reticulocyte Count :- Reticulocytes, or immature red cells, are the undeveloped form of red blood cells. This test measures how quickly bone marrow produces new red blood cells.

6. Bone Marrow Biopsy :- A biopsy may be required in complicated or unexplained situations to rule out cancers or diseases of the bone marrow.

7. Additional Tests :- Doctors may prescribe:

• Kidney function tests

• Thyroid panel

• Tests for autoimmune disorders

• Tests for occult bleeding in the stool

Types of anemia

Understanding the different types can lead to a better diagnosis and treatment plan.

1. Iron Deficiency Anemia :- Insufficient iron is usually caused by blood loss or inadequate intake. Treatment is easy with supplements and diet.

2. Vitamin Deficiency Anemia :- Also called megaloblastic anemia. Low B12 or folate levels are often the cause, and can be due to poor nutrition or absorption problems.

3. Aplastic Anemia :- Rare and severe condition in which the bone marrow ceases to produce new blood cells. This condition often requires a bone marrow transplant.

4. Hemolytic Anemia :- When red blood cells are produced faster than they can be destroyed, this condition occurs. It can be acquired or inherited.

5. Sickle Cell Anemia :- Genetic condition in which red blood cells have an abnormal shape, resulting in reduced oxygen supply and blockages of blood flow.

6. Thalassemia :- A blood disorder that is inherited in which the body produces abnormal hemoglobin and destroys red cells.

Complications of untreated anemia

Anemia, if left untreated, can cause serious health issues, including:

• Heart problems, such as arrhythmias, an enlarged heart or even heart failure

• Complications of pregnancy such as premature birth or low weight at birth

• Delay in growth among children and adolescents

• A weakened immune system makes the body more susceptible to infection

• Mental fatigue, reduced productivity and concentration problems

Conclusion

Anemia is a common health problem that can affect your overall health and quality of life. Early diagnosis and treatment can help reverse symptoms and avoid complications. Anemia can be managed and often reversed through a better diet, medication, or managing chronic conditions.

Do not ignore the fact that you feel tired, dizzy or pale all the time. Consult your healthcare provider to get an evaluation.