Introduction
A mastectomy is a surgical process that involves the partial or complete removal of both or one breast. The procedure is performed primarily to treat or prevent cancer. A mastectomy can be a life-changing experience for many patients. Understanding the types of surgery and what happens afterward is essential for emotional and physical recovery, whether it’s due to a cancer diagnose or a high genetic risk. This blog will provide a comprehensive overview of mastectomy to help patients, their families and loved ones understand this important treatment stage.
What Is a Mastectomy
The surgical removal of breast tissues is known as a mastectomy. The procedure can be used as a prevention (prophylactic measure) for women who are at a high risk of developing breast cancer, or as a form of treatment following a diagnosis. The surgeon will also remove any surrounding tissue, such as the lymph nodes and chest muscles.
Why Mastectomy is Done?
The doctors recommend mastectomy for a variety of reasons.
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Breast cancer diagnosis
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Large tumors which cannot be treated by lumpectomy
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Multiple breast tumors
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Cancer recurrence after treatment
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Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes increase cancer risk
Some women opt for mastectomy, even if there is no cancer present, to prevent the disease if they have high-risk genetics.
Mastectomy Types
There are different types of mastectomy depending on the size, stage and spread of the cancer.
1. Total (Simple) Mastectomy :- This involves the removal of the entire breast, including the nipple and areola. This is commonly performed when the cancer has been confined to breast tissue.
2. Modified Radial Mastectomy :- The entire breast and axillary lymph nodes (underarm) are removed. This test helps determine if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
3. Radical Mastectomy :- This procedure involves the removal of breast tissue, muscles and lymph nodes. It is rarely performed due to its complexity.
4. Skin-Sparing Mastectomy :- The breast tissue is removed but the majority of skin is preserved. When immediate breast reconstructions are planned, this term is often used.
5. Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy :- The nipple, areola and breast tissue beneath the breast tissue is removed. It is suitable for cancers in the early stages or as a preventive surgery.
The Surgical Procedure
This is a general overview of the steps involved in a mastectomy:
1. Anesthesia administration :- To ensure that the patient is asleep and pain free during surgery, general anesthesia is administered.
2. Incisions :- Depending on the type and extent of mastectomy, the surgeon will make a precise incision.
3. Tissue removal :- Breast tissues, lymph nodes, and muscles are removed depending on the type of surgery.
4. Placement of Temporary Drains :- The temporary drains are placed to remove the excess fluid at the surgical site.
5. Closure :- This incision is closed with sutures or surgical adhesive.
6. Bandaging :- A bandage is applied to the chest area in order to minimize swelling and protect it.
After Mastectomy Recovery
The recovery time depends on the type and extent of the mastectomy, as well as whether or not reconstruction is performed simultaneously. The major stages of recovery are:
1. Hospital Stay :- Most patients are hospitalized for between 1-3 days. Medication is used to treat pain. The patient is monitored for complications such as infection or bleeding.
2. Drain Care :- The surgical drains are cleaned by the patient. Drains are typically removed within 1-2 weeks.
3. Wound Healing :- The sutures will dissolve or be removed within 7-14 days. It can take several weeks or even months for scars to fade.
4. Physical Activity :- Early on, gentle arm movements should be encouraged. In 4-6 weeks, you can resume full physical activity.
5. Follow-Up Care :- Visits to the oncologist and surgeon are recommended. Review of the pathology report to determine additional treatments.
Side effects and risks
Although mastectomy is generally considered safe, it can have some side effects and risks.
1. Pain, Discomfort and Discomfort :- Some patients have persistent pain or tightness that is not managed by medication.
2. Infection :- This can occur around the drain or at the site of the incision.
3. Hematoma or Bleeding :- Blood accumulation may require surgery or drainage.
4. Lymphedema :- Swelling of the chest or arm area after lymph node removal.
5. Loss Of Sensation :- Nerve damage or removal can cause numbness or tingling.
6. Emotional Effects :- Support or therapy is recommended for those who experience feelings of sadness, loss or depression.
Breast Reconstruction Alternatives
The breast reconstruction procedure can be done immediately or later. Types include:
1. Implant-based Reconstruction :- Using silicone or saline implants.
2. Reconstruction of a Flap :- Using tissue from another area (e.g. abdomen or back).
3. Reconstruction of the Nipple :- This can be done either surgically or by tattooing.
Some women opt to not have a reconstruction and choose prosthetics instead.
Life After Mastectomy
It is important to adjust gradually to your new life following a mastectomy. Consider these key factors:
1. Physical Rehabilitation :- Physiotherapy and light exercise can help you regain your strength and mobility.
2. Emotional Support :- It can help to join support groups or speak with a counselor about the emotional changes.
3. Body Image :- Some women struggle with their self-esteem while others are empowered by the decision they make.
4. Clothing Options :- There are bras with prosthetic inserts for comfort and aesthetics.
5. Ongoing Monitoring :- For continued health, it is important to have regular follow-up screenings and tests.
When to contact your doctor
Consult your doctor immediately if you experience:
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High fever or chills
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Redness or swelling that is excessive
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Incisions with fluid or pus leaking out
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Pain or tightness in the muscles
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You may have difficulty moving your arm
Conclusion
A mastectomy is more than just a medical procedure. It is an emotional and physical journey. It empowers patients, whether they are undergoing a mastectomy to prevent or treat breast cancer. Life after mastectomy is possible with the right support network, expert medical care and enough time to heal. Every woman is different, and there’s no one “right” way for a woman to heal or feel. Stay informed, be strong and ask for help when you need it.
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