Symptoms of Partial Gastrectomy

Partial gastrectomy is a surgical procedure in which a portion of the stomach is removed. It is commonly performed to treat conditions like stomach cancer, severe ulcers, or benign tumors. While the surgery can be life-saving or significantly improve quality of life, it can also bring about several physical and digestive changes. Understanding the symptoms that may arise after a partial gastrectomy is crucial for patients, caregivers, and families, as it helps in recognizing normal post surgical responses and identifying when medical attention might be needed.

After a partial gastrectomy, the body has to adjust to functioning without a portion of the stomach. As a result, many patients experience a range of symptoms, especially in the early recovery phase. These symptoms can vary from mild digestive discomfort to more serious complications that require medical intervention. Recognizing these changes early on can help patients take appropriate action, make informed dietary and lifestyle decisions, and ultimately improve their quality of life after surgery.

What Is Partial Gastrectomy?

Partial gastrectomy involves surgically removing a part of the stomach, most often the lower portion, and then reconnecting the remaining part to the small intestine. This procedure can be performed through open surgery or laparoscopically (minimally invasive method). Depending on the underlying cause for the surgery, different amounts of stomach tissue may be removed.

Since the stomach plays a key role in digestion by breaking down food and regulating its movement into the intestine, any alteration to its structure can result in various postoperative symptoms.

Immediate Post-Surgical Symptoms

Immediately after surgery, patients are likely to experience common post-operative symptoms such as :-

1. Pain and discomfort in the upper abdomen, especially around the incision site.

2. Fatigue due to the body’s healing process.

3. Nausea or a feeling of fullness after small meals.

4. Temporary difficulty in eating as the digestive system adjusts to the new anatomy.

These symptoms are generally expected after major abdominal surgery and tend to improve within a few weeks with proper rest, medication, and dietary adjustments.

Digestive Symptoms of Partial Gastrectomy

One of the most noticeable impacts of partial gastrectomy is on the digestive system. Because part of the stomach is removed, food moves more quickly into the small intestine, which can lead to a variety of symptoms.

1. Dumping Syndrome :- Dumping syndrome is one of the most commonly reported symptoms after partial gastrectomy. It occurs when food, especially sugary or high fat meals, moves too quickly from the stomach into the small intestine. This can cause :-

   • Abdominal cramping

   • Diarrhea

   • Nausea

   • Dizziness or lightheadedness

   • Rapid heartbeat

   • Sweating after eating

   Dumping syndrome is often classified into early and late phases. Early dumping happens 30 to 60 minutes after eating, while late dumping may occur 2 to 3 hours after meals due to a sudden drop in blood sugar levels.

2. Reduced Appetite and Early Satiety :- Many patients report feeling full after just a few bites of food. This early satiety is due to the reduced stomach size and the altered digestive function. As a result, patients may find it difficult to consume enough calories and nutrients in one sitting, which can lead to unintended weight loss.
3. Nausea and Vomiting :- Nausea is fairly common in the early stages of recovery and can be triggered by eating too quickly or consuming foods that are hard to digest. Vomiting may occur if large meals are consumed or if the food isn’t properly chewed. These symptoms typically decrease over time with dietary counseling and practice.
4. Bloating and Gas :- Bloating, excessive gas, and a general feeling of abdominal discomfort are frequently reported. These issues often arise from swallowing air while eating, eating too fast, or consuming gas producing foods like beans, carbonated beverages, or cruciferous vegetables.

Nutritional Deficiencies and Related Symptoms

Partial gastrectomy may affect nutrient absorption, particularly if a significant portion of the stomach is removed. This can lead to deficiencies and symptoms such as :-

1. Iron Deficiency Anemia :- The stomach helps in absorbing iron through gastric acid. After gastrectomy, lower acid levels and reduced intake of iron rich foods can lead to anemia. Common signs include :-

   • Fatigue

   • Pale skin

   • Shortness of breath

   • Dizziness

2. Vitamin B12 Deficiency

   The stomach produces intrinsic factor, which is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12. After partial gastrectomy, the body may struggle to absorb adequate B12, resulting in :-

   • Weakness

   • Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet

   • Memory issues

   • Mood changes or depression

   Vitamin B12 injections or oral supplements may be required long term.

3. Calcium and Vitamin D Deficiency :- Calcium absorption may also be affected, especially if food bypasses the upper part of the small intestine. Over time, this can lead to osteopenia or osteoporosis, increasing the risk of bone fractures.

Emotional and Psychological Symptoms

The physical symptoms of partial gastrectomy are often accompanied by emotional and psychological challenges. Many patients feel anxious about eating, worried about pain, or distressed by weight loss and changes in their appearance.

Some may also experience depression, particularly if recovery is prolonged or if dietary restrictions are difficult to adapt to. Support from mental health professionals, support groups, or dietitians familiar with post-gastrectomy care can be extremely beneficial.

Long Term Symptoms and Lifestyle Adjustments

While many symptoms improve with time, some may persist for months or become chronic. Long-term adjustments may include :-

1. Eating smaller, more frequent meals

2. Avoiding high sugar and high fat foods

3. Chewing food thoroughly

4. Staying upright after eating to prevent reflux

5. Taking prescribed supplements regularly

With the help of a nutritionist, most patients can successfully adapt to these changes and maintain a healthy lifestyle after surgery.

When to Seek Medical Help?

While many symptoms are a normal part of recovery, some require prompt medical attention. Contact your doctor if you experience :-

1. Persistent vomiting or inability to keep food down

2. Severe abdominal pain

3. Unintended rapid weight loss

4. Signs of dehydration such as dry mouth, dizziness, or reduced urine output

5. Black or tarry stools, which may indicate internal bleeding

Conclusion

Partial gastrectomy can significantly alter the way your digestive system functions, but understanding the symptoms and how to manage them can make the recovery process smoother. Most patients adapt well with time, especially when they receive proper nutritional guidance and emotional support.