Measles is a highly contagious viral infection that has affected millions worldwide, especially in regions with low vaccination rates. Though preventable through vaccination, measles still poses a serious health risk in many parts of the world. Once contracted, it requires careful management to prevent complications and ensure recovery.

The disease spreads rapidly through respiratory droplets released when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It is so contagious that up to 90% of people without immunity who come into close contact with an infected individual are likely to get infected themselves. The initial symptoms of measles such as high fever, cough, runny nose, and red eyes are followed by the appearance of a distinct red rash that usually starts on the face and spreads downward.

What is Measles?

Measles is caused by the measles virus, a member of the Paramyxoviridae family. It primarily spreads through respiratory droplets from coughing and sneezing. Once a person is infected, symptoms typically begin to show within 10 to 14 days. Common signs include high fever, cough, runny nose, red eyes (conjunctivitis), and a distinctive red rash that usually starts on the face and spreads downward.

Although measles usually resolves on its own, it can sometimes lead to serious complications like pneumonia, encephalitis, and even death, particularly in children under five, pregnant women, and those with weakened immune systems. Early treatment and supportive care play a crucial role in ensuring a full recovery.

There Is No Specific Antiviral for Measles

Unlike bacterial infections that can be treated with antibiotics, measles is a viral illness, and there is no specific antiviral drug to cure it. The mainstay of treatment is supportive care, which helps relieve symptoms and prevent complications while the body’s immune system fights off the virus.

Supportive care for measles typically involves managing the fever, alleviating discomfort, preventing dehydration, and monitoring for complications.

Treatment of Measles

Rest and Hydration :- One of the most important things a person with measles can do is get plenty of rest. The body needs energy to fight off the infection. Alongside rest, maintaining adequate hydration is vital. Fever, coughing, and decreased appetite can lead to fluid loss, so drinking water, fruit juices, and clear soups regularly can help prevent dehydration.

In severe cases, especially among children, oral rehydration solutions (ORS) or intravenous fluids may be recommended if oral intake is insufficient.
Managing Fever and Discomfort :- High fever is a common symptom of measles and can cause discomfort or even seizures in young children. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or ibuprofen can be used to reduce fever and alleviate body aches. It’s essential to follow the recommended dosages, especially in children.

Aspirin should be avoided, particularly in children, due to the risk of Reye’s syndrome, a rare but serious condition.
Addressing Cough and Throat Pain :- Cough and sore throat are also typical in measles. While there are no antiviral medications to treat the cough directly, humidifiers, warm fluids, and saltwater gargles may provide relief. Keeping the air moist can help ease breathing difficulties and soothe irritated throat tissues.
Eye Care

Since measles often leads to red, watery eyes and light sensitivity, it’s recommended to keep the eyes clean and protected. Wearing sunglasses indoors may provide relief from light sensitivity. Avoiding bright lights and keeping the room dim can reduce eye discomfort.

Importance of Vitamin A in Measles Treatment

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends vitamin A supplementation for all children diagnosed with measles, especially in areas where vitamin A deficiency is common. Vitamin A has been shown to reduce the severity and mortality associated with measles. It supports immune function and helps repair epithelial tissues damaged by the virus.

A typical regimen includes two doses of vitamin A given 24 hours apart. Children with measles who show signs of eye involvement or severe illness may require additional doses.

When to Seek Immediate Medical Attention?

While measles is often mild in healthy individuals, it can escalate quickly in vulnerable populations. Seek immediate medical help if the infected person shows any of the following symptoms :-

Difficulty breathing or persistent cough
Dehydration (dry mouth, no tears, reduced urine output)
Seizures or unconsciousness
Severe ear pain or discharge (possible ear infection)
Blurred vision or eye pain
Rash that becomes widespread with bleeding or ulceration

Hospitalization may be necessary in severe cases to manage complications like pneumonia, encephalitis, or severe dehydration.

Treating Measles Complications

Complications of measles can range from mild secondary infections to life threatening issues. Bacterial infections such as pneumonia or ear infections are common and may require antibiotic treatment. In rare cases, inflammation of the brain, known as measles encephalitis, can develop. This condition is serious and requires immediate hospitalization and intensive care.

Children with suppressed immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy or with HIV/AIDS, may experience a more severe course of the disease. In such cases, the healthcare team might consider immune globulin therapy to help fight off the virus.

Isolation and Preventing Spread

Since measles is so contagious, anyone diagnosed with it should remain isolated from others especially those who are unvaccinated, pregnant, or have weak immune systems for at least four days after the rash appears. Proper hygiene practices like covering the mouth while coughing, frequent hand washing, and disinfecting surfaces can help prevent the spread of the virus.

Family members and close contacts may need post exposure prophylaxis in the form of the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine or immunoglobulin injections, depending on their vaccination status and health condition.

Measles Vaccination: The Best Prevention

Although this post focuses on treatment, it’s worth emphasizing that vaccination is the most effective way to prevent measles. The MMR vaccine, given in two doses during childhood, offers over 97% protection against measles.

In outbreak settings, ensuring high vaccination coverage is the key to preventing widespread transmission. Adults who have never been vaccinated or are unsure of their immunization status should consult a healthcare provider about getting vaccinated.

Conclusion

Treating measles primarily involves supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications while the body clears the infection. While most people recover fully with adequate rest, hydration, and symptom relief, it’s important to monitor for signs of complications, especially in young children and immunocompromised individuals. Vitamin A supplementation is a critical aspect of care in pediatric cases, and in severe infections, medical intervention may be needed.