What is Orchidopexy Surgery

Introduction

Orchidopexy is a common and highly successful surgical procedure performed to correct undescended testicles, also known as cryptorchidism. It is one of the most important surgeries done in childhood because early treatment can help prevent future fertility issues, hormonal imbalance, and testicular cancer risks. Although the name of the procedure may sound complicated, the surgery itself is safe, quick, and provides long-term benefits.

Understanding Undescended Testicles

Before diving into the surgery, it’s important to understand the condition it treats. Undescended testicles occur when one or both testicles fail to move down into the scrotum before birth. Normally, the testicles develop in the abdomen and descend into the scrotum during the last months of pregnancy. When they don’t descend properly, it can lead to complications later in life if left untreated. The condition is quite common, especially in premature babies. In many cases, the testicle descends on its own within the first few months after birth. However, if this doesn’t happen by 6 months, doctors usually recommend orchidopexy surgery.

What is Orchidopexy Surgery?

Orchidopexy is a surgical procedure in which the surgeon moves the undescended testicle into the scrotum and fixes it in place to prevent it from moving back. The surgery ensures that the testicle is positioned correctly for proper growth, functioning, and long-term health. The procedure is typically performed on infants or young boys between 6 months and 18 months, but adults with undescended testicles may also need it if the condition was not corrected earlier.

Why is Orchidopexy Necessary?

Leaving an undescended testicle untreated can lead to several health issues, which is why early surgery is recommended. Here are the major reasons why orchidopexy is important:

1. Helps in Normal Fertility :- Testicles need a cooler temperature for sperm production. When they remain inside the abdomen, the higher temperature affects sperm development. Orchidopexy places the testicle in the scrotum, supporting normal reproductive function.
2. Reduces the Risk of Testicular Cancer :- Undescended testicles have a higher chance of developing cancer in adulthood. Early correction lowers—but does not completely remove—this risk. It also makes it easier to detect problems early.
3. Prevents Hernia or Torsion :- Undescended testicles are often associated with inguinal hernia. They may also twist (torsion), causing severe pain and damage. Surgery helps prevent these complications.
4. Supports Proper Testicular Growth :- A testicle left inside the abdomen may not grow normally. Orchidopexy helps maintain healthy development.
5. Improves Confidence & Body Image :- Having one or both testicles missing from the scrotum can cause embarrassment or low confidence in teenage or adult males. Surgery ensures normal appearance.

Types of Orchidopexy Surgery

Orchidopexy can be performed through two main methods depending on the location of the testicle:

1. Open Orchidopexy :- This is the traditional method used when the testicle is located near the groin. The surgeon makes small incisions in the groin and scrotum, frees the testicle, and positions it correctly.
2. Laparoscopic Orchidopexy :- This minimally invasive approach is used when the testicle is located higher in the abdomen. A tiny camera and instruments are inserted through small holes, making recovery quicker with minimal scarring.

Your surgeon will decide the best approach depending on the testicle’s position.

How is the Orchidopexy Procedure Performed?

The surgery generally takes 45 minutes to 1 hour for one testicle. If both testicles are undescended, it may take longer. Here’s how the surgery is usually performed:

Step-by-Step Procedure

1. General Anesthesia :-  The child or patient is put under anesthesia so they do not feel any pain during the surgery.
2. Incision :- A small cut is made in the groin area or abdomen (for laparoscopic surgery).
3. Locating the Testicle :- The surgeon identifies the undescended testicle and gently mobilizes it.
4. Creating a Scrotal Pouch
   A small incision is made in the scrotum to create space for the testicle.
5. Fixing the Testicle :-  The testicle is pulled down into the scrotum and stitched in place to prevent it from moving back.
   
6. Closing the Incisions :- Absorbable sutures are used so they dissolve on their own.

Who Needs Orchidopexy Surgery?

Your doctor may recommend orchidopexy if:

• The baby’s testicle has not descended by 6 months of age
• The child has retractile or ascending testicles
• A testicle is detected in the abdomen during ultrasound
• An adult has an untreated undescended testicle

Early treatment gives the best results.

Risks and Complications of Orchidopexy

Orchidopexy is considered very safe, especially in infants, but like any surgery, it has minimal risks:

• Mild swelling or bruising
• Infection at the incision site
• Testicle may not grow normally (rare)
• Testicle may re-ascend (rare)
• Damage to blood vessels (very rare)

Most complications are temporary and easily manageable with proper care.

Recovery After Orchidopexy

Recovery is usually quick. Children can go home the same day or the next day in most cases.

What to Expect During Recovery

• Mild discomfort or swelling for 2–3 days
• Pain managed with prescribed medicines
• Small bandages at the incision site
• Normal activities resume in 1–2 days
• Avoid rough play for 2–3 weeks

Care Tips After Surgery

• Keep the incision area clean and dry
• Give medicines as prescribed
• Avoid carrying the child on straddle toys (bicycles, walkers)
• Follow up with the surgeon after 1–2 weeks

Success Rate of Orchidopexy

Orchidopexy has a 95–98% success rate, making it one of the most effective pediatric surgeries. Early treatment ensures:

• better fertility potential
• normal testicular growth
• reduced cancer risk
• minimal complications

When to Contact a Doctor After Surgery

Reach out to your doctor if you observe:

• Fever
• Excessive redness or swelling
• Fluid discharge from the incision
• Severe pain not relieved by medicine
• The testicle seems to have moved upwards again

Timely attention ensures quick healing.

Conclusion

Orchidopexy is a simple, safe, and essential surgery that helps correct undescended testicles and ensures long-term reproductive and overall health. Whether your child is diagnosed with cryptorchidism or you’re an adult seeking correction, the procedure offers excellent outcomes when performed at the right time.

Early diagnosis, timely surgery, and regular follow-up with a pediatric or urological surgeon are key to preventing future complications. With modern surgical techniques and experienced specialists, orchidopexy continues to provide life-changing benefits for countless patients worldwide.