Definition
Parkinson’s Disease is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease that primarily affects the movement. It is characterized as having symptoms like tremors and muscle stiffness. Although the cause of Parkinson’s is unknown, research indicates that genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors may contribute to its progression. This blog will examine the causes of Parkinson’s Disease and shed light on its risk factors.
1. Genetic Factors in Parkinson’s Disease :- About 10-15% of Parkinson’s Disease cases are hereditary. Researchers have identified genes that are associated with Parkinson’s disease, including:
- SNCA :- Mutations of this gene cause the accumulation of the alpha-synuclein in the brain. This leads to harmful clumps known as Lewy bodies.
- LRRK2 :- The most common gene mutation for Parkinson’s disease is Leucine-Rich Repeatkinase 2. This gene mutation occurs more frequently in certain ethnicities.
- PARK2 :- Mutations of this gene cause early-onset Parkinson’s disease, which occurs before age 50.
- PINK1, ATP13A2, and DJ-1 :- The genes involved in mitochondrial protection and function are mutated, increasing the risk of Parkinson’s.
Although genetic factors are important, a family history does not guarantee that an individual will get Parkinson’s. External factors are also important.
2. Environmental Factors Affecting Toxin Exposition :- Parkinson’s disease has long been associated with environmental triggers. Environmental risk factors include:
- Herbicides and Pesticides :- The increased risk of Parkinson’s disease has been associated with exposure to chemicals such as paraquat and Rotenone, which are commonly used in agriculture.
- Heavy metals :- High exposure levels to lead, mercury, manganese and other heavy metals may cause neurological damage in Parkinson’s disease.
- Air pollution :- Certain pollutants in the air, like fine particulate material, can damage neurons and speed up neurodegeneration.
- Solvents and Industrial Chemicals :- Long-term exposure to industrial solvents, such as trichloroethylene, has been associated with a greater risk of Parkinson’s disease.
- Well water consumption :- According to some studies, drinking well-water, particularly in rural areas where pesticides are used, could be associated with an increased risk.
These factors can increase the risk of Parkinson’s disease, but not everyone who is exposed to them will develop it. This indicates that other factors are at play.
3. Dopamine Deficiency & Neurodegeneration :- Parkinson’s disease is caused primarily by a progressive loss of neurons that produce dopamine in the substantia-nigra region of the cerebral cortex, which controls movement. Dopamine, a neurotransmitter, is responsible for smooth and coordinated movements of the muscles. Parkinson’s symptoms appear when dopamine levels are significantly reduced due to neuronal degeneration.
It is not known why neurons degenerate, but there are several factors that may be involved, including
- Oxidative stress :- A balance between free radicals (radicals) and antioxidants causes cellular damage, and speeds up neuron degeneration.
- Mitochondrial dysfunction :- Mitochondrial dysfunction fails to produce enough energy for neurons leading to premature death.
- Inflammation of the brain :- Chronic inflammation in the brain and immune system reactions can damage dopamine-producing neurons.
- Abnormal protein Aggregation :- Misfolded alpha-synuclein forms toxic clumps called Lewy bodies that interfere with normal cell function.
4. Parkinson’s disease and Aging :- Parkinson’s disease is most commonly caused by aging. After 60, the risk of developing Parkinson’s Disease increases dramatically. Parkinson’s is caused by several age-related changes, including:
- Dopamine levels naturally decline with age :- Dopamine producing neurons naturally decrease as individuals get older, making them more vulnerable.
- Cellular Damage Accumulation :- Over the course of time, oxidative stresses and environmental exposures increase the likelihood of neurodegeneration.
- Reduced neuroplasticity :- As we age, the brain’s ability for repair and adaptation diminishes. It is harder to compensate lost neurons.
5. Diet and lifestyle factors :- Parkinson’s Disease is influenced by certain lifestyle and dietary choices. Some of the key factors are:
- Lack Of Physical Activity :- Regular physical activity is known to reduce the risk of neurodegeneration. A sedentary life style may increase that risk.
- Dietary Deficiencies :- Lack of vitamins, antioxidants, and vitamin B12 can cause brain cell damage.
- Consumption High in Processed Foods :- Diets rich in processed food, unhealthy fats and artificial additives can promote inflammation and oxidative stresses in the brain.
- Alcohol and Smoking :- Although smoking is controversially associated with a reduced risk of Parkinson’s disease, excessive alcohol consumption may damage brain cells or increase susceptibility.
6. Parkinson’s Disease and the Gut-Brain Connection :- Recent research suggests Parkinson’s disease may start in the gut, before it affects the brain. Gut-brain connections are a new area of research. Evidence suggests:
- Imbalance in the gut microbiome :- Changes to gut bacteria can influence brain health and neurodegenerative process.
- Chronic Gastrointestinal Problems :- Constipation, irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), and other chronic digestive issues have been associated with a greater risk of Parkinson’s disease.
- Alpha Synuclein in Gut :- According to some studies, misfolded alpha synuclein protein may originate in the intestine and travel via the vagus nervous system to the brain.
This link highlights the importance of maintaining a healthy microbiome to prevent neurodegenerative disease.
7. Head Trauma and Injuries to the Brain :- Traumatic brain injury (TBI), has been associated with an increased risk for Parkinson’s Disease. People with a history or repeated head trauma, like athletes and military personnel may be more at risk.
- Concussions :- Repeated concussions may damage neurons and trigger neurodegenerative process.
- Chronic Traumatic Entcephalopathy (CTE) :- CTE is a condition that results from repeated brain injury. CTE has similar symptoms to Parkinson’s disease and changes in the brain.
8. Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases :- Chronic inflammation is associated with an increased risk for Parkinson’s disease. Systemic inflammation caused by autoimmune conditions may lead to dopamine-producing neuron degeneration. Parkinson’s disease is associated with:
- Rheumatoid arthritis :- Chronic inflammation of the body can impact brain health.
- Multiple Sclerosis and Lupus :- Autoimmune disorders that affect the nervous systems may increase susceptibility.
- Metabolic Disorders and Diabetes :- Insulin Resistance and metabolic imbalances can contribute to Parkinson’s disease progression.
Conclusion
There is no known single cause for Parkinson’s Disease. However, research indicates that genetic predispositions, environmental exposures and dopamine deficiencies, as well as aging, lifestyle, and inflammation, all contribute to the onset of this disease. These risk factors will help people make better lifestyle choices and get early treatment if symptoms appear. Parkinson’s disease is incurable but ongoing research has led to better treatments and possible preventive strategies.
