Head and neck cancers include a wide range of malignant tumors that affect the mouth, throat, larynx (voice box), nasal cavity, sinuses, salivary glands, and lymph nodes in the neck. These areas are responsible for essential functions like breathing, swallowing, and speaking, which makes the treatment approach more complex and delicate.

What is Head and Neck Cancer Surgery?

Head and neck cancer surgery refers to a range of surgical procedures aimed at removing tumors or cancerous growths from specific areas such as the throat, larynx, tongue, salivary glands, and surrounding lymph nodes. Depending on the type, size, and location of the tumor, the goal of the surgery may be to completely remove the cancer, relieve symptoms, or reconstruct affected areas after tumor removal.

In many cases, surgery is part of a multidisciplinary treatment plan that includes radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or targeted therapy. The objective is to eliminate the disease while preserving as much function and appearance as possible.

When is Surgery Required?

Surgical treatment is typically considered in the following scenarios:

The tumor is localized and has not metastasized (spread to distant organs)
Cancer is not responding adequately to non-surgical treatments like radiation or chemotherapy
The tumor is causing breathing, swallowing, or speaking difficulties
Early-stage cancers where complete tumor removal is possible

Surgery plays a critical role in improving survival rates, especially when performed at the right stage of the disease.

Types of Surgeries for Head and Neck Cancer

There are various types of surgical approaches depending on the tumor’s location, spread, and overall health of the patient.

Tumor Resection :- This is the primary surgery to remove the tumor from the affected organ or region. It may involve removing part of the tissue or the entire structure, depending on the extent of the tumor.
Lymph Node Dissection :- Cancer can spread through the lymphatic system. If cancer is suspected to have spread to the neck lymph nodes, they may be surgically removed to prevent further spread.
Laryngectomy :- This surgery involves the partial or complete removal of the larynx (voice box) and is commonly performed for laryngeal cancer.
Glossectomy :- This involves the removal of part or all of the tongue, usually necessary in cases of oral or tongue cancer.
Maxillectomy :- Used when the tumor is located in the upper jaw or maxillary sinuses, this surgery removes all or part of the upper jawbone.
Reconstructive Surgery :- Following the removal of a tumor, reconstructive surgery may be needed to restore function (such as speech or swallowing) and appearance. This may involve skin grafts, tissue flaps, or prosthetic implants.
Laser Surgery :- Laser surgery is used for early-stage or superficial cancers. It is a minimally invasive method that uses high-energy light to remove or shrink tumors.

Diagnosis and Pre-Surgical Evaluation

Before surgery, a comprehensive diagnostic process is carried out to confirm the type and extent of the cancer. This may include:

Biopsy :- To determine if the cells are cancerous
Imaging tests :- CT scan, MRI, PET scan, or X-ray to locate the tumor and assess spread
Endoscopy :- To visually examine the throat and nearby areas
Blood tests :- To evaluate organ function and readiness for surgery

A multidisciplinary team including oncologists, head and neck surgeons, ENT specialists, and radiologists typically collaborates to determine the most suitable surgical plan.

What to Expect Before, During, and After Surgery

Pre-Surgery Preparation

Patients may need to undergo medical evaluations, stop certain medications, and fast for a specific number of hours before the operation. Detailed discussions with the surgeon help set realistic expectations and explain potential outcomes or complications.

During Surgery

The surgery is performed under general anesthesia. Depending on the complexity, it may last from 2 to 8 hours. Surgeons carefully remove the tumor, affected tissues, and possibly lymph nodes. Reconstructive procedures, if needed, may be done during the same operation.

Post-Surgery Recovery

Post-operative care is crucial for recovery. Patients may be monitored in the ICU for the first 24 to 48 hours. Pain management, wound care, and monitoring for infection or complications are initiated immediately. If the surgery involves areas that affect swallowing or breathing, patients may temporarily use a feeding tube or tracheostomy.

Recovery and Rehabilitation

The recovery period depends on the type of surgery and overall health of the patient. Some may recover within weeks, while others need several months. A well-structured rehabilitation plan includes:

Speech Therapy :- Especially important after surgeries involving the tongue or voice box, to help regain speech ability.
Swallowing Therapy :- Used to help patients relearn how to swallow safely and avoid aspiration.
Nutritional Support :- A dietitian helps manage food intake through either oral or tube feeding during early recovery.
Psychological Counseling :- Emotional support is essential, especially for patients coping with changes in appearance or communication.
Follow-Up Appointments :- Regular follow-up visits help monitor recovery, detect recurrence early, and manage any side effects or complications.

Risks and Potential Complications

As with any major surgery, there are certain risks involved. These include:

Infection
Excessive bleeding
Damage to nerves affecting facial movement or sensation
Changes in voice, speech, or swallowing
Disfigurement
Difficulty breathing if the airway is affected
Cancer recurrence

Working with experienced surgical teams and choosing well-equipped hospitals significantly reduces these risks.

When Should You See a Doctor?

Do not ignore symptoms such as:

Persistent sore throat or hoarseness
Difficulty swallowing
Swelling or lump in the neck
Unexplained ear pain
Red or white patches in the mouth
Unintentional weight loss

Early detection can lead to more successful treatment outcomes. If you notice any of these signs, consult an ENT or oncology specialist immediately.

Conclusion

Surgery remains one of the most effective treatment options for head and neck cancer, especially when diagnosed early. With the right medical team, supportive care, and timely action, recovery and quality of life can be significantly improved.